The best dog breeds in the world and rare and exotic breeds in 2021

WHAT IS A DOG?

The evolution of the dog from wild predator to domestic companion has been greatly influenced by human intervention. It has taken just a few hundred years to produce seemingly endless variations on the canine theme – but planned breeding has not removed the basic characteristics of the dog’s ancestor, the wolf. Dogs are social animals

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Breeds and breed groups Although many distinct varieties of dog were recognized on function, but no two sys tems are exactly the same. Both earlier, until the early 20th century their breeding was not the UK and American Kennel Clubs recognize seven groups, necessarily strictly controlled. When dog breeders started to while the FCI has ten. The number of individual breeds cooperate with one another and form clubs they were able recognized by these organizations also varies. to produce dogs of consistent type. This led to the writing This book places breeds together in eight major groups: of breed standards that describe the ideal appearance primitive dogs; working dogs; spitz-type dogs; sight hounds; (with permissible variations) and temperament of a breed, scent hounds; terriers; gundogs; and companion dogs; plus and its suitability for function. Dogs were also registered a section on crossbreeds and random bred dogs. The in stud books to enable their pedigrees to be reviewed groupings of the so-called primitive dogs, sight hounds, and for future breeding. the spitz-type dogs in this book have been made on the basis Despite the detailed dog breed standards that exist, there of well-established genetic relationships. In some cases, this are as yet no universally recognized criteria for classifying results in a breed appearing in a different group from the dog breeds in groups. The main regulatory bodies are the one that might be expected. The Basenji, for example, is Kennel Club (KC) in the UK; the Fédération Cynologique often grouped functionally with hounds but genetic evidence Internationale (FCI) — the World Canine Organization, which places it among the primitive breeds, which is where this include

s 86 member countries; and the American Kennel book, and the FCI, place it. For the remainder of the groups, Club (AKC). These all group breeds together based loosely more traditional, functional groupings are used.

NEW GUINEA SINGING DOG IN TOUCH WITH ITS WILD SIDE,

THIS DOG HAS A UNIQUE VOCAL RANGE Height range This rare dingo-like breed is a native of New Guinea, where it lives Triangular Wedge-shaped 40–45cm (16–18in) eyes head feral or in semi-domestication. The Singing Dog is kept as a curiosity Weight range in zoos worldwide but has become a challenging pet for a few 8–14kg (18–31lb) dedicated owners. It has the extraordinary ability to vary the Life span 15–20 years notes of its howl, hence the name. Origin New Guinea Small, Slightly erect ears roached back Other colours Short, thick, plush, red coat Sable Black and tan Moderately White markings are common tucked-up with all colour types. belly BASENJI THIS NEAT AND GRACEFUL DOG IS SOMETIMES SHY WITH STRANGERS, BUT DOES NOT BARK KC Height range A hunting dog from Africa, the Basenji was used for driving big 40–43cm (16–17in) game, locating its prey by both sight and scent. Sleek and beautifully Weight range built with an immaculate appearance, the Basenji is affectionate and 10–11kg (22–24lb) fun-loving, and is a popular house dog. Unable to bark, it can, Life span Over 10 years however, make yodelling noises. Flat-topped skull Origin Central Africa Forehead wrinkles when ears pricked Other colours Finely chiselled Smooth, features short, red coat Variety of Long, colours elegant neck White markings may appear on chest, feet, and tail tip. Very long forearms Tail carried in tight curl over back

CANAAN DOG

THIS STURDY AND STEADFAST DOG IS ALWAYS ON THE ALERT AND READY TO PROTECT KC Dark, slightly Height range Bred in Israel as a watchdog and herder, the Canaan Dog has strong slanting eyes 50–60cm (20–24in) protective instincts that do not usually turn into aggression. It is highly Weight range intelligent, and with steady training makes a reliable and affectionate 18–25kg (40–55lb) companion. Not a common Brush-like, thick tail, Life span Over 10 years breed, it has yet to achieve carried high and curled Origin Israel widespread popularity. Low-set, broad ears Other colours White Black Dense, harsh, Tucked-up sandy coat White chest marking belly Red and white Black and spotted white spotted Grey, brindle, black and tan, or tricolour undesirable.

PHARAOH HOUND

THIS STREAMLINED, ELEGANT DOG IS GOOD IN THE HOUSE BUT WILL CHASE ANYTHING SMALL OUTDOORS KC Height range Although the modern Pharaoh Hound was developed in Malta, this 53–63cm (21–25in) graceful breed bears a strong resemblance to the prick-eared hunting Weight range dogs illustrated in the art and artefacts of ancient Egypt. The Pharaoh 20–25kg (44–55lb) Hound is calm-tempered but needs a lot of exercise and, unless restrained Life span Over 10 years outdoors, will fly off in pursuit of small animals, including other pets. Origin Malta Large, erect ears Well-arched, long neck Amber-coloured eyes White marks on chest Whippy tail, common carried in a high curve when active Short, glossy, slightly harsh, Slender, rich tan coat elegant body Toes often marked white 26 GUIDE TO BREEDS

CANARIAN WARREN HOUND

THIS HIGHLY STRUNG DOG IS BRED TO HUNT, AND NEEDS AN OUTDOOR LIFE FCI Height range Also known as the Podenco Canario, this hound – found Flesh-coloured 53–64cm (21–25in) nose on all the Canary Islands – has Egyptian roots dating back Weight range thousands of years. The breed has long been used as a 16–22kg (35–49lb) rabbit–hunter and is highly valued for its speed, keen Life span 12–13 years sight, and excellent nose. Sensitive and restless, Origin Spain the Canarian Warren Hound is unable to adapt to a Sleek, smooth, red coat quiet life indoors. Low-set, slightly tapered tail White markings on chest Large Slender, ears, erect athletic body when alert Small, Fine-boned but amber-coloured strong legs eyes

CIRNECO DELL’ETNA GENTLE BUT LIVELY

THIS IS A HUNTER RATHER THAN A HOUSE DOG KC

Height range This Sicilian breed, which may well have originated in the 42–52cm (17–20in) Narrow, area immediately around Mount Etna, is rare outside its almost Weight range native country. Lithe and strong, the Cirneco dell’Etna flat skull 8–12kg (18–26lb) is built to run and hunt. Although good-natured, Life span 12–14 years this dog is not an ideal option for owners who Short, glossy, fawn coat Origin Italy want a placid house pet. Erect, rigid ears set high on head Strong, Other colours arched neck White markings White White with on chest orange Low-set tail Powerful, muscular hind quarters

PRIMITIVE DOGS

IBIZAN HOUND

THIS FAST RUNNER WITH AN OUTSTANDING ABILITY TO JUMP NEEDS SPACE AND EXERCISE KC

Height range Used in Spain as a pack dog for hunting rabbits, the Ibizan Hound can cover the 56–74cm (22–29in) roughest ground at a “raking trot” characteristic of the breed. This dog also has an Weight range enormous jump and can easily leap over a garden fence. As long as an owner bears 20–23kg (44–51lb) security in mind, the Ibizan Hound is not difficult to keep, but it is an all-action dog that Life span 10–12 years needs relentless exercise. The breed has a charming temperament Origin Spain Short, and fits in well with family life. There are two coat types, fawn coat smooth and rough, both of which are easy to maintain. Flat skull Other colours Narrow Long, head slender muzzle Red Large, pointed ears Smooth–coated Clear, amber eyes Lean, muscular, white body Long forearms Slender, strong toes

CAROLINA DOG

THIS DOG RESPONDS TO TRAINING BUT CAN BE SHY

Height range Also known as the “American Dingo”, this dog’s ancestors 45–50cm (18–20in) are thought to have been domesticated and brought into North Weight range America by early settlers from Asia. In America’s south-eastern 15–20kg (33–44lb) states, some still live semi-wild. Naturally wary, this dog needs Life span 12–14 years early socializing to make it an acceptable pet. Origin USA Triangular, erect ears Longer hairs on neck Other colours Deep red- Black Lighter-coloured ginger and tan chest Short, dense, wheaten coat Tail carried in distinctive hook when alert

PERUVIAN INCA ORCHID A HAIRLESS, STRIKINGLY PATTERNED DOG WHOSE SKIN NEEDS PROTECTION FROM THE ELEMENTS

Crest of hair Height range The true origins of the Peruvian Inca Orchid are lost in time, on head 50–65cm (20–26in) but dogs of this type are known to have been important in Inca Weight range civilizations. There are two varieties of this breed: hairless and 12–23kg (26–51lb) coated. The hairless Inca Orchid is better suited to indoor rather Life span 11–12 years than outdoor life because of its delicate skin. Origin Peru Straight back Ears carried semi-erect when alert Other colours Pink skin with darker mottling Any colour Hairless dogs always have pink skin but the colour Front feet of mottling can vary. Tail sometimes longer than carried tucked hind feet under belly Hairless Inca Orchid

TO BREEDS PERUVIAN HAIRLESS

THIS BRIGHT AND AGILE DOG IS AFFECTIONATE WITH OWNERS BUT SHY WITH STRANGERS FCI

Height range Records of hairless dogs in South America date back to Distinct Miniature: stop 25–40cm (10–16in) pre-Inca times. It has been suggested that this lively and Medio: graceful breed may have originated in China or Africa 40–50cm (16–20in) before it was introduced in Peru. Hairlessness, often Grande: 50–65cm (20–26in) accompanied by the absence of certain teeth, is Weight range produced by a particular recessive gene, Miniature: but occasionally, coated dogs do occur in 4–8kg (9–18lb) litters. The Peruvian Hairless breeds come Medio: 8–12kg (18–26lb) in three sizes – miniature, medio, and grande. Grande: The fine skin needs some protection as Crest of hairs 12–25kg (26–55lb) Grande these dogs are susceptible to the cold Life span 11–12 years and easily sunburned. Origin Peru Rose ear Long feet Other colours Miniature Blonde Dark brown Eyes match skin colour Black Fine, elastic, elephant-grey skin Tucked-up belly Pink patches on legs Medio

DOGS

XOLOITZCUINTLE

THIS CALM-NATURED, ALERT DOG IS EASY TO CARE FOR AND MAKES A DELIGHTFUL COMPANION KC

Height range In pre-Conquest Mexico hairless dogs were believed to have sacred Miniature: 25–35cm (10–14in) significance and were often used as a sacrifice or ritually eaten in Intermediate: religious ceremonies. Because of these practices, hairless dogs Black skin 36–45cm (14–18in) barely escaped extinction and it was not until the mid-20th century Standard: 46–60cm (18–24in) that breeders began to work towards its recovery. Three different Weight range sizes are now recognized. Like all hairless dogs, this breed has limited Miniature: general appeal and remains something of a rarity. Nonetheless, the 2–7kg (10–15lb) Xoloitzcuintle, also known as the Mexican Hairless, is charming, Intermediate: 7–14kg (15–31lb) good-tempered, and intelligent, and is likely to reward Standard: its owner with loyalty and affection. 14–25kg (31–55lb) Tufts of hair on forehead Life span Over 10 years Origin Mexico Standard Large, long ears, erect when alert Other colours Bronze skin Red Liver Miniature (puppy) Head has slight stop and tapering muzzle Traces of dark hair on tail

WORKING DOGS

The list of jobs that humans ask dogs to perform is almost endless. In the thousands of years since dogs were domesticated, canine helpers have guarded homes, rescued people in danger, gone to war, and looked after the sick and disabled — to give only a few examples. In this book the working group is represented by Shepherd dogs work as breeds traditionally developed for pastoral work and guard duties. herders and guardians In general, the dogs in this highly Maremma and Pyrenean Mountain Dog, to be suited to family life. In recent diverse group tend to be large, though are designed to protect their flocks decades a number of the mastiff-type there are a few small but nonetheless from predators such as wolves. Usually breeds have achieved great popularity robust exceptions. Working dogs are very large, many of these dogs are as companions. Although some were bred for strength and stamina, and white and heavy-coated, scarcely produced originally for fighting, if many of them are capable of living distinguishable from the sheep they reared in the home and socialized outdoors in all weathers. spend their lives guarding. early they can adapt to life as a pet. A collie rounding up its flock is for Guard duties of another kind are often most people the archetypal shepherd carried out by dogs of the mastiff type.

LIVESTOCK GUARDIANS dog.

but many other types of dog are recognizable as descendants of the The protective instincts of breeds such as the Hungarian Kuvasz make these dogs used to work with livestock. These enormous Molossus dogs seen in unsuitable for the inexperienced owner. pastoral breeds, as they are known, friezes and artefacts from the ancient are used for both herding and guarding. world. Such breeds as the Bullmastiff, Herding dogs have a natural instinct for the Dogue de Bordeaux, and the driving stock, though not all of them Neapolitan Mastiff are used worldwide work in the same way. Border Collies, by security forces and for guarding for example, keep their sheep in order property. Typically, these dogs by stalking and staring, while the are massively built and powerful, traditional cattle-herders such as Welsh with small ears (often cropped in Corgis and the Australian Cattle Dog countries where the practice is nip at heels, and some herders bark as still legal) and pendulous lips. they work. Guardian sheepdogs, which Many working breeds are include mountain breeds such as the excellent as companion dogs. Pastoral herders are extremely intelligent and generally easy to train, and often enjoy using their skills in agility trials and other canine competitions. Livestock guardian dogs, because of their sheer size and protective nature, are less likely AGILITY TRIALS Border Collies are often seen displaying their agility and intelligence at working dog trials.

SAARLOOS WOLFDOG

THIS SELF-WILLED DOG IS RESERVED WITH STRANGERS BUT MAKES A LOYAL COMPANION FCI Almond-shaped Height range The Saarloos Wolfdog is the result of selective crossbreeding to eyes 60–75cm (24–30in) produce a German Shepherd-type dog with natural traits closer to those Weight range of its wolf ancestors. Although it was suggested that this new breed could 35–40kg (77–88lb) be useful as a guide dog, the Saarloos Wolfdog has proved better suited Life span Over 10 years to life as a pet and companion. However, it needs sensitive handling. Origin The Netherlands Wedge-shaped, Triangular ears wolf-like head with rounded tips Other colours

CZECHOSLOVAKIAN WOLFDOG A WOLF-LIKE DOG WITH A DOCILE TEMPERAMENT FCI

Height range Created through breeding programs that initially crossed German 60–65cm (24–26in) Shepherd Dogs with wolves, the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog has inherited Weight range many of the traits of its wild ancestors. This breed is quick, fearless, 20–26kg (44–57lb) resilient, and wary of strangers. It is also faithful and obedient with Life span 12–16 years familiar handlers, qualities that make it an excellent house dog. Origin Czech Republic

GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG

THIS INTELLIGENT AND VERSATILE DOG IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR BREEDS WORLDWIDE KC Height range As the name implies, this breed (formerly known as the Alsatian) originally 58–63cm (23–25in) worked as a shepherd dog and a protector of sheep. Highly adaptable and Weight range trainable, the German Shepherd Dog has proved valuable as a guard dog, 22–40kg (49–88lb) guide dog, and tracker, and is widely used by police and armed forces all Life span Over 10 years over the world. Despite occasional bad publicity for aggressive behaviour, Origin Germany German Shepherd Dogs produced by reputable breeders usually have a steady temperament. When trained by a responsible owner and allowed to enjoy an active outdoor lifestyle, this dog can become Bushy tail a trusted and faithful member of the family. Coats range Other colours from short-haired to long-haired. Long-haired Sable Black Large, firm,

KING SHEPHERD EASY TO TRAIN.

THIS DOG IS RELIABLE WITH CHILDREN AND OTHER PETS

Height range Developed in the United States and recognized since the late 1990s, High-set, 64–74cm (25–29in) erect ears this large and handsome dog clearly shows the German Shepherd Dog Weight range (see p.35) in its breeding history. King Shepherds love to work as herders 41–66kg (90–145lb) or guard dogs, but have a placid and tolerant nature that allows them Life span 10–11 years to fit in well with a family. There are two coat types: smooth and rough. Origin USA Ruff of longer Long, muscular body hair around neck with black saddle

PICARDY SHEEPDOG

THIS DOG ADORES LONG WALKS AND IS GENTLE WITH CHILDREN, BUT DISLIKES BEING LEFT ALONE KC

Finely shaped head Height range The history of the Picardy Sheepdog is uncertain, but this hidden by long hair 55–65cm (22–26in) tough-looking breed may have originated over a century Weight range ago in the Picardy region of northeastern France. With High-set, 23–32kg (51–71lb) erect ears quiet and patient training, this dog makes a sociable Life span 13–14 years companion and a good playmate for children. Origin France The rugged coat is relatively easy to groom. Other colours Long eyebrows do not obscure eyes

DUTCH SHEPHERD DOG USED FOR GUARDING, HERDING, AND AGILITY WORK.

THIS DOG CAN ALSO MAKE A GOOD PET FCI Height range Not often seen outside the Netherlands, and relatively uncommon even 55–62cm (22–24in) there, in the last 200 years this breed has become far more than an all-purpose Erect ears Weight range farm dog. The Dutch Shepherd Dog has been used for security and police work, 30–31kg (66–68lb) as a guide dog, and in obedience trials. Reliable and affectionate, the breed Life span 12–14 years also makes a good family dog, though it has a natural wariness of Origin The Netherlands strangers. There are three varieties of the Dutch Shepherd Dog: long-haired, short-haired, and rough-haired. The rough-haired type needs to have its coat plucked by a professional dog-groomer about twice a year. Long-haired Silver-brindle coat Fawn-brindle coat

LAEKENOIS

THIS RARE BELGIAN SHEPHERD DOG IS DISTINGUISHED BY ITS UNUSUAL COAT KC

Height range Of the four breeds of Belgian Shepherd Dog, this wiry-coated variety 56–66cm (22–26in) was the first to be developed, in the 1880s. The Laekenois is named Weight range after the Château de Laeken, near Antwerp, and was once much 25–29kg (55–65lb) favoured by the Belgian royal family. Rarely seen, this delightful Life span Over 10 years dog deserves to be more widely appreciated. Origin Belgium Area of darker shading Shorter hair on High-set, muzzle erect ears Head carried high with alert expression

GROENENDAEL

THIS BRIGHT AND ACTIVE DOG LOVES OUTDOOR LIFE AND IS FULL OF CURIOSITY KC

Height range From 1893 black-coated Belgian Shepherd Dogs were selectively Finely shaped 56–66cm (22–26in) muzzle bred at a kennel in the village of Groenendael, near Brussels. This Weight range handsome variety is now extremely popular. Like most dogs 23–34kg (51–75lb) formerly used for work, the Groenendael needs an owner Life span Over 10 years who understands the importance of early socializing Origin Belgium and firm but kindly control. Slightly sloping rump Long, straight, Ruff of black coat longer hair around neck Long feathering on legs

MALINOIS A VERY HARDY AND ENERGETIC DOG WITH STRONG GUARDING INSTINCTS KC

Height range Believed to have originated in Malines, in Belgium, the Malinois is 56–66cm (22–26in) a short-haired variety of the Belgian Shepherd Dog. Like its fellow Weight range breeds, it is a natural guard dog. Although its behaviour may 27–29kg (60–65lb) be unpredictable, with responsible training the Malinois Thicker collar around neck Life span Over 10 years socializes well and makes a loyal companion. Origin Belgium

MALINOIS A VERY HARDY AND ENERGETIC DOG WITH STRONG GUARDING INSTINCTS KC

MUDI

THIS ACTIVE AND PLAYFUL FAMILY DOG ALSO MAKES A FEARLESS GUARD DOG FCI

Wedge-shaped head Height range Originally used as a working dog by Hungarian sheep- and 38–47cm (15–19in) cattle-herders, this rare breed is tough, bold, and energetic. Weight range With its friendly and adaptable nature, the Mudi makes 8–13kg (18–29lb) a good house dog. It needs plenty of exercise Life span 13–14 years to stay fit and healthy, and responds Origin Hungary well to sympathetic training. Erect ears, Dense, shiny, covered with wavy, black coat Other colours thick hair

SCHNAUZER LIVELY BUT OBEDIENT.

THIS DOG IS GOOD-TEMPERED WITH CHILDREN KC

Height range The medium-sized Schnauzer was established as a breed Bushy eyebrows 45–50cm (18–20in) in the 1880s in southern Germany. Alert and agile, the Weight range Schnauzer was used primarily 14–20kg (31–44lb) as a versatile farm dog with Life span Over 10 years a formidable reputation Straight back Origin Germany for rat-hunting. Placid and affectionate, but with a lively sense of fun, the breed is now popular as a family dog. Other colours High-set, Black drop ears Short, wiry, pepper and salt coat

GIANT SCHNAUZER AN EVEN-TEMPERED, INTELLIGENT, AND EASY-TO-TRAIN DOG KC

Height range Robust and powerfully built, the Giant Schnauzer from southern 60–70cm (24–28in) Germany was originally used for farm work and cattle-herding. By Weight range the 20th century the

breed’s intelligence, trainability, and impressive Dark eyes 29–41kg (65–90lb) appearance had been recognized as ideal qualities for a guard dog. Life span Over 10 years This breed is now widely used by police and security Origin Germany forces, but an equable temperament also makes it suitable as a home watchdog and pet. Despite its size, the Giant Schnauzer is easily manageable if given plenty of exercise. Its dense, wiry, double- Other colours layered coat needs regular maintenance, with daily grooming and an occasional trim. Pepper and salt Bushy eyebrows overhang eyes Deep chest Drop ears with rounded tips

BOUVIER DES ARDENNES A RARE DOG WITH A LONG-ESTABLISHED REPUTATION AS A WILLING WORKER FCI

Height range This hardy, active, former cattle-herder from the Ears slightly 52–62cm (20–24in) darker than body Belgian Ardennes is now rarely seen, either as a working Weight range dog or a house dog. A handful of enthusiasts have kept 22–35kg (49–77lb) the breed in existence, and with its adaptable Life span Over 10 years temperament and zest for life the Bouvier Body length equals leg length Origin Belgium des Ardennes has the potential for future popularity. Black-edged lips Other colours Erect, pointed ears Variety of Coarse moustache colours and beard Tousled, fawn coat,

BOUVIER DES FLANDRES

THIS TOWN OR COUNTRY DOG IS HAIRY BUT NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO GROOM KC

Height range Of the various types of Bouviers once used in Belgium and France for High-set, 59–68cm (23–27in) drop ears cattle-herding and guarding, this breed from Flanders is the most commonly Weight range encountered. Despite originally 27–40kg (60–88lb) being an outdoor dog – with an Life span Over 10 years appropriately weatherproof Heavily feathered tail Origin Belgium coat – the Bouvier des Flandres can happily adjust to an urban home. Other colours

CROATIAN SHEPHERD DOG

THIS HERDING AND GUARDING DOG IS MORE SUITED TO WORK THAN DOMESTICITY FCI

Height range Relatively small and lightly built for a shepherd dog, this 40–50cm (16–20in) breed is active and alert. Easy to train for work, the Croatian Weight range Shepherd Dog may be harder to handle as a house dog 13–20kg (29–44lb) because of its natural herding and guarding instincts. Narrow Life span 13–14 years Its unusually wavy or curly coat is a distinctive feature. muzzle Origin Croatia Erect, triangular ears, lined with long hair Wavy, black coat Short hair on face Backs of legs slightly feathered Shorter hair on lower legs

SARPLANINAC

THIS MAGNIFICENT AND VERY PROTECTIVE WORKING DOG IS HAPPY TO LIVE OUTDOORS FCI

Height range Formerly known as the Illyrian Shepherd Dog, this impressive breed Drop ears Over 58cm (over 23in) is now named after the Sarplanina Mountains of Macedonia where Weight range it originated. The Sarplaninac is very much an outdoor, working 30–45kg (66–99lb) dog. Although it has a sociable, though protective, temperament, Life span 11–13 years its size and energy levels make it impractical as a family pet. Origin Macedonia Broad, slightly rounded top to head Other colours Longer hair forms ruff around neck Any solid Heavily colour feathered, bushy tail Long, dense, dark brown coat Long feathering Yellowish-grey Broad chest on hind quarters lower legs GUIDE TO BREEDS KARST

SHEPHERD DOG

THIS RELIABLE AND DEVOTED DOG NEEDS A SPACIOUS HOME AND CORRECT HANDLING FCI Head as wide Height range Formerly known as the Illyrian Shepherd, this as it is long 53–63cm (21–25in) dog was separated from another breed of the same Weight range name and renamed the Karst, or Istrian, Shepherd 25–42kg (55–93lb) Dog in the 1960s. Used for herding and guarding in Life span 11–12 years the alpine Karst region of Slovenia, this excellent Origin Slovenia working dog can make a good companion with careful training and early socialization. Flat, long, iron-grey coat Hair on neck forms Lighter grey ruff and mane Long, bushy tail markings Dark streak on front of limbs

ESTRELA MOUNTAIN DOG

THIS DOG, FOR LARGE HOMES ONLY, CAN LIVE OUTSIDE IF GIVEN SHELTER KC

Height range A livestock-guardian from the Estrela Mountains of Portugal, Long head 62–72cm (24–28in) with broad, this fearless, rugged dog was bred to protect flocks against rounded skull Weight range predators such as wolves. The Estrela Mountain Dog is 35–60kg (77–132lb) a loyal and friendly, but strong-willed, companion that Life span Over 10 years needs consistent and patient obedience Origin Portugal training. There are long-coated and short-coated varieties of the breed. Other colours Dark face mask Wolf-grey Black brindle Thick ruff around May have white markings on neck and underside and extremities. chest Thick, slightly wavy, fawn topcoat Long-coated Black hairs intermingle with fawn hairs

PORTUGUESE WATCHDOG

THIS CALM-NATURED WATCHDOG MAY BE TOO BIG AND STRONG FOR MANY OWNERS FCI

Height range Possibly descended from the powerful mastiffs brought into Triangular, 64–74cm (25–29in) drop ears Europe from Asia by nomadic herders, this breed is also known Weight range as the Rafeiro de Alentejo, named after the Alentejo region of 35–60kg (77–132lb) Portugal. Traditionally used for guarding, the Portuguese Life span 12 years Watchdog is vigilant and suspicious of strangers. Origin Portugal Formidable in size and strength, though not aggressive, this dog is unsuitable for novice handlers. Other colours Black lips Wolf-grey Black Broad chest White Coat may be brindled and will Straight, dense, always have white markings; markings on fawn coat chest and legs white coats have patches of one of the colours. Tail slightly curved at tip

CASTRO LABOREIRO DOG

THIS BOLD AND VIGILANT WATCHDOG IS BETTER SUITED TO WORK THAN FAMILY LIFE FCI Height range Named after its home village in the mountains of northern Triangular, 55–64cm (22–25in) drop ears Portugal, this dog, sometimes known as the Portuguese Cattle Weight range Dog, was bred to work as a livestock-guardian. Its distinctive alarm 25–40kg (55–88lb) bark starts low and ends high-pitched. This dog develops a strong Life span 12–13 years bond with family members but Origin Portugal may be hostile to strangers. Almond-shaped eyes Other colours Tail long-haired on underside, usually carried low Wolf-grey May have a small, white Short, very thick, harsh-textured, spot on chest. “mountain” brindle coat GUIDE TO BREEDS

PORTUGUESE SHEEPDOG

THIS HIGHLY INTELLIGENT DOG LIKES TO BE ACTIVE FCI Height range In its native country this shaggy, agile dog is sometimes known as 42–55cm (17–22in) the “monkey dog”. The Portuguese Sheepdog loves to be outdoors, Weight range herding. Lively and extremely intelligent, the breed has also 17–27kg (37–60lb) gained popularity as a companion and sporting dog in Life span 12–13 years Portugal, although it is little known elsewhere. Origin Portugal Large eyebrows do not obscure eyes Other colours Long beard and moustache Fawn coat Variety of colours May have a small amount of white on chest. Black, shaggy coat resembles goat hair Tan markings on lower legs

CATALAN SHEEPDOG A PLEASANT-NATURED DOG, BUT PROTECTIVE OF HOME AND FAMILY KC

Height range Bred in Catalonia, Spain, as a flock-herder and guard, this Crest on 45–55cm (18–22in) top of head hardy dog has an attractive weatherproof coat that allows it Weight range Fringed ears to work in almost any conditions. With high intelligence, hang close 20–27kg (44–60lb) a quiet temperament, and a readiness to please, the to head Life span 12–14 years Catalan Sheepdog is relatively easy to train Origin Spain and makes an excellent family companion. Round, dark Other colours amber eyes

PYRENEAN SHEEPDOG

A LIVELY COMPANION, ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO TIRE OUT, WITH A STRONG HERDING INSTINCT KC Height range Small and lightly built for a sheepdog, this breed has long been Fawn coat 38–48cm (15–19in) with black used for herding flocks in the French Pyrenees. It remained almost hairs Weight range unknown beyond its native mountain regions until the beginning 7–14kg (15–31lb) of the 20th century. Lithe, energetic, and ready to join in any Life span 12–13 years interesting activity, the Pyrenean Sheepdog does well in canine Origin France sports such as agility trials. For an active family, the Pyrenean Sheepdog is an excellent pet. The breed comes in two coat varieties – long or semi-long – and may have a rough or smooth face.

BEARDED COLLIE THIS DOG

IS CALM BUT ALERT AND ACTIVE, SO BEST SUITED TO A RURAL HOME KC Height range Until the middle of the 20th century the Bearded Collie was Arched eyebrows 51–56cm (20–22in) do not cover eyes familiar only in Scotland and the north of England, where it was valued Weight range as a sheepdog. Now widely appreciated for its attractive appearance, 20–25kg (44–55lb) compact size, and gentle nature, this breed has great appeal Life span Over 10 years as a pet. However, it is more likely to enjoy the space of Origin UK a rural home than a compact urban environment. Long, slate-grey outer coat Other colours

POLISH LOWLAND SHEEPDOG EASY TO TRAIN AS A SHEEP-HERDER, GUARD DOG, OR COMPANION KC

Height range Bred to work on the plainlands of Northern Europe as a herder Long hair falls Blunt 42–50cm (17–20in) over eyes muzzle and a guard dog, this delightfully shaggy dog is both rugged and Weight range agile. The Polish Lowland Sheepdog has brains as well as brawn 14–16kg (31–35lb) and takes readily to training for a variety of purposes. Exercise and Life span 12–15 years grooming should be high on its owner’s agenda. Origin Poland Heart-shaped drop ears hidden by hair Other colours Any colour Thick, long, fluffy, black coat, fades with age Oval-shaped feet

DUTCH SCHAPENDOES

THIS LITHE AND AGILE DOG WITH A JOYFUL TEMPERAMENT NEEDS TO BE FULLY OCCUPIED FCI Height range Swift, tireless, and intelligent, this breed is the perfect natural Long topknot of hair 40–50cm (16–20in) partially covers eyes sheep-herder. Moving as if on springs, a working Dutch Schapendoes Weight range can run at high speed and bound lightly over almost any obstacle in 12–20kg (26–44lb) its path. The breed has the temperament to make a good companion Life span 13–14 years but will not thrive without activity. Origin The Netherlands Well-feathered, long tail Other colours Any colour Full moustache and beard Abundant, slightly wavy, black and white coat Well-rounded, firm, compact feet

SOUTH RUSSIAN SHEPHERD DOG SAFE ONLY IN EXPERIENCED HANDS,

THIS DOG NEEDS PLENTY OF UNDERSTANDING FCI

Height range This big sheepdog from the Russian steppes was bred not to round Elongated head with 62–65cm (24–26in) broad forehead up flocks but to guard them against fierce predators. Quick to react, Weight range naturally dominant, and highly protective, the South Russian 48–50kg (106–110lb) Shepherd Dog, also known as the Ovtcharka (“sheep-herder” in Life span 9–11 years Russian), needs an owner who can establish authority early on. Origin Russia Long, dense, white coat with coarse texture Other colours Smallish, Ashen-grey Straw triangular drop ears Yellow and white Feet covered with long hair

CARDIGAN WELSH CORGI A SMALL, STURDY, AND ACTIVE DOG WITH A STRONG PERSONALITY KC

Height range The two varieties of Welsh Corgi were classified as separate Large, erect ears, 28–31cm (11–12in) rounded at tips breeds in the 1930s. Less popular as a house dog than its Weight range relative, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi (see p.56), the Cardigan 11–17kg (24–37lb) Welsh Corgi can be distinguished by its larger round ears and Life span 12–15 years longer body. Full of character, it fits well into a small home. Origin UK Harsh-textured, Relatively long, short, brindle coat low-slung body Fox-like head Other colours Any colour White markings, if present, should not dominate. Short, sturdy legs Long, heavy tail Large, rounded feet

PEMBROKE WELSH CORGI A SHARP AND CONFIDENT WATCHDOG WITH A BIG BARK FOR ITS SIZE KC

Height range The two breeds of Welsh Corgi have a long history as cattle-herders 25–30cm (10–12in) and guard dogs in Wales. The more widely known of the two breeds, the Weight range Pembroke Welsh Corgi, is distinguishable from the Cardigan Welsh Corgi 9–12kg (20–26lb) (see p.55) by its slightly smaller ears and shorter tail. This alert and Life span 12–15 years energetic little dog makes an excellent watchdog and enjoys family Origin UK life. Their tendency to occasionally revert to their herding instincts and nip ankles can be minimized by early training. Pembroke Welsh Corgis tend to put on weight easily, so need a well-regulated regime of diet and exercise. Other colours Erect ears, rounded at tips Fawn and sable Red coat with white markings Fox-like head with Tail carried low typical markings Black and tan coat Level topline White markings on chest Short legs

SWEDISH VALLHUND

THIS UNUSUAL BREED IS ALERT, FRIENDLY, AND WILLING TO PLEASE KC Height range Like the Welsh Corgis (opposite and p.55), which at 31–35cm (12–14in) first glance it closely resembles, the Swedish Vallhund Weight range has been used for centuries as a cattle-herding dog. Thick, 12–16kg (26–35lb) muscular neck This tough and workman-like breed continues to make Life span 12–14 years itself useful on Swedish farms. The Swedish Vallhund is Origin Sweden uncommon as a house dog but is gradually becoming Straight back more widely known and appreciated for its happy personality. It is lively and companionable, always alert, and eager to respond to its owner’s demands. Other colours Kept active and occupied, the Swedish Vallhund is likely to enjoy robust health and a long lifespan. Steel-grey Red Erect, pointed ears Red and grey coats may be mixed with brown or yellow. Dense, harsh-textured Wedge-shaped, topcoat long head White markings on chest Greyish-yellow coat Oval-shaped feet 58 GUIDE TO BREEDS NEW ZEALAND HUNTAWAY THIS INTELLIGENT AND FRIENDLY DOG BARKS READILY Height range The New Zealand Huntaway lacks a breed standard and is not Bright-eyed, 56–66cm (22–26in) alert expression recognized by any kennel club due to its mixed breeding, which Weight range may include German Shepherd Dog (see p.35), Border Collie (see p.53), 25–40kg (55–88lb) and Rottweiler (see p.81). Developed in New Zealand to be Life span 12–14 years a working sheepdog, it is an excellent worker and is also Origin New Zealand gaining popularity as a house dog. Other colours Tricolour Dark brindle Currently may still appear in other colours. Short, thick, Long, black coat strong legs Typical tan markings Large feet

AUSTRALIAN KELPIE A TOUGH, HARDY, AND TIRELESS DOG WITH A STRONG NATURAL HERDING INSTINCT FCI

Height range The Australian Kelpie was developed to work as a sheepdog in the Pointed, 43–51cm (17–20in) vast open expanses of Australia. Energetic and agile, the breed has erect ears Weight range seemingly endless reserves of stamina, and a low boredom threshold. 11–20kg (24–44lb) An all-action dog, it is best suited to a working life where its herding Life span 10–14 years skills can be put to full use. Short, thick, water-resistant, Origin Australia chocolate coat Other colours Thick, brush-like, slightly curved tail Variety of colours Fox-like head Fine-boned but muscular legs

AUSTRALIAN CATTLE DOG STRONG AND WORKMAN-LIKE.

THIS TRUSTWORTHY DOG IS A LITTLE WARY OF STRANGERS KC Height range Once widely used for cattle-droving and guarding, this breed, also 43–51cm (17–20in) called the Australian Heeler, is little known outside Australia. It is a good Weight range family dog, being hardy, alert, companionable, and loyal and devoted to 14–18kg (31–40lb) its owner. However, an ancestry that includes the wild dingo has made Life span Over 10 years it naturally suspicious of strangers. This energetic dog enjoys Origin Australia plenty of exercise and is easy to train, as it is highly intelligent and willing to please. Long, broad, muscular Other colours hind quarters Tan markings Red on neck speckle Low-set tail hangs Blue coat in a slight curve Drop ear Round feet Blue coat Tan markings with strong, on legs arched toes

Puppy AUSTRALIAN STUMPY TAIL CATTLE DOG

A DOG THAT IS EASILY TRAINED BUT NEEDS TO BE KEPT MENTALLY STIMULATED FCI Height range This short- or bobtailed breed was developed in the 19th century to Widely set 43–51cm (17–20in) pointed ears herd cattle. After World War II numbers declined, and it would have Weight range disappeared but for an Australian redevelopment plan set up in 14–20kg (31–44lb) 1988. The Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog Life span 12–15 years is easily trained but needs Broad, level Origin Australia to be kept busy to avoid back behavioural problems. Well-developed thigh Other colours Strong, muscular neck Red speckle Blue coat Closely knit toes with dark nails

LANCASHIRE HEELER

THIS EXUBERANT DOG LOVES TO PLAY AND RARELY HAS HEALTH PROBLEMS KC Height range Intelligent, tough, and workman-like, the Lancashire Heeler 25–30cm (10–12in) Wide head is well suited to its original use as a cattle-herder in the north of between Weight range England. The breed may have been the result of crosses between ears 4–7kg (9–15lb) the Pembroke Welsh Corgi (see p.56) and the Manchester Terrier Life span 15 years (see p.211). Less inclined to be Origin UK “nippy” than other heelers, Firm body with this smart-looking little Tail curves over level back back when alert dog is good with families if trained carefully. Other colours Well-defined stop Liver and tan Short, glossy, black coat Small, Tan-coloured rounded legs feet

HUNGARIAN PUMI

THIS HERDING DOG HAS ADAPTED TO HOME LIFE KC Height range The Hungarian Pumi was developed in Hungary during the Dense, wiry 38–47cm (15–19in) tufts on ears 18th century as a cross between the Hungarian Puli (opposite) Weight range and terrier-type dogs from Germany and France. An excellent herder 8–15kg (18–33lb) of livestock and a good all-round farm dog, the Hungarian Pumi Life span 12–13 years has proved to be equally successful as a house dog. Bold and restless, High-set tail Origin Hungary this breed thrives on action. Narrow, Other colours terrier-like head Cream Grey Well-muscled, lean body Thick, curly, black coat Gold Small, white markings may occur on chest and toes.

KOMONDOR NOT FOR NOVICES

THIS DOG NEEDS TACTFUL HANDLING AND SPECIAL GROOMING KC Height range The Komondor was bred to protect livestock, and has strong natural 60–80cm (24–31in) guarding instincts. This characteristic, combined with considerable size Weight range and strength, means that ownership should be considered only by those 36–61kg (79–135lb) with plenty of dog-handling experience and space. Daily grooming is Life span Under 10 years essential to maintain the Komondor’s Origin Hungary extraordinary tasselled coat. Very long, heavy, white corded coat Long tail curved slightly at tip Drop ears hidden Dark eyes under coat partially obscured by coat

HUNGARIAN PULI HIGHLY INTELLIGENT AND EAGER TO PLEASE.

THIS DOG NEEDS TIME AND ATTENTION KC

Height range Thought to have been brought into Central Europe by the Small, black nose 36–44cm (14–17in) nomadic Magyar tribes of Asia, the Hungarian Puli was traditionally Weight range used as a herding dog. Affectionate and quick to learn, it makes 10–15kg (22–33lb) a good family pet but gets bored easily without fun and Life span Over 12 years company. Its corded coat needs special attention. Straight, Origin Hungary muscular back Eyes covered by Profusely long-corded, black coat coated tail curls over back Other colours Black coat forms White Grey long cords Fawn May have small, white markings on chest and feet. Short, round feet

BERGAMASCO

THIS OUTDOOR DOG NEEDS PLENTY OF SPACE AND GROOMING KC

Height range A sheepdog and guard dog, the powerful Bergamasco was bred for a 53–62cm (21–24in) tough, outdoor life in the northern Italian mountains. Its weatherproof Weight range coat is thick, greasy to the touch, and easily becomes matted, but 26–38kg (57–84lb) once the coat becomes flocked, grooming time is Broad, Life span Over 10 years greatly reduced. The Bergamasco straight back Origin Italy is companionable and loyal but needs firm control. Pronounced Other colours stop on skull covered by hair Tail Light fawn and Black carried low Isabella May have white markings. Flocked, grey coat

AIDI PROTECTIVE AND LOVING WITH OWNERS, THIS IS NOT AN IDEAL HOUSE DOG FCI

Height range Also known as the Atlas Mountain Dog, this type of dog has Wide-set, 53–61cm (21–24in) drop ears been used for centuries as a guard dog by the nomadic peoples Weight range of Morocco. The Aidi is faithful, fearless, and always on the alert 23–25kg (51–55lb) to protect its owners and their possessions. But its strong Life span About 12 years guarding instincts mean Origin North Africa that this dog is not always suited to a domestic lifestyle. Black Other colours lips Black marking Fawn Brown Thick, medium- Long, bushy, length, white coat low-set tail Black Feathering on Fawn, brown, and black coats back of legs may be spotted with white.

AUSTRALIAN SHEPHERD .

THIS EVEN-TEMPERED, INTELLIGENT DOG ADAPTS WELL TO FAMILY LIFE KC Height range Not an “Aussie” at all, this shepherd dog was bred in the United States. Pronounced stop 46–58cm (18–23in) Its name derives from its ancestors, which were worked by Basque Weight range shepherds who emigrated to Australia in the late 19th century and 18–29kg (40–65lb) then later moved on to the USA. The Australian Shepherd, still Life span Over 10 years useful as a ranch dog and tracker, Origin USA is becoming increasingly valued as a pet. High-set, Other colours drop ears Tan markings Red, red merle Black White hairs All coats may have extend across tan markings. neck, chest, Thick, wavy, and legs blue-merle coat Bushy tail

MAREMMA SHEEPDOG POWERFUL AND PROTECTIVE.

THIS IS VERY MUCH AN OUTDOOR DOG KC Height range The sheep herders of the central Italian plains have long Short hair 60–73cm (24–29in) on face used the Maremma Sheepdog to guard their flocks. With an Weight range imposing stance and a magnificent, thick, white coat, this Small ears 30–45kg (66–99lb) hang flat handsome dog has obvious attractions but needs expert at rest Life span Over 10 years handling. Like many dogs bred for outdoor work, this Origin Italy sheepdog is not the ideal choice for the home. Thickly haired, Black-rimmed low-set tail eyes Thick collar of hair on neck Heavy, wavy, white coat

GREEK SHEPHERD DOG

THIS STRONG-WILLED BREED IS FRIENDLY WITH THOSE IT KNOWS BUT WARY OF STRANGERS Height range The ancestors of this breed, which is also known as the Hellenic Shepherd Dog, 60–75cm (24–30in) Massive, flat- may have been the sheepdogs brought into Greece many centuries ago by topped head Weight range Turkish migrants. Tough, brave, and a natural guardian and flock leader, the 32–50kg (71–110lb) Greek Shepherd Dog has excellent qualities for a working dog, but is too Life span 12 years dominant in temperament to make a reliable family companion. Origin Greece There are two coat types: long- haired and short-haired. Dark Other colours brown eyes Triangular, drop ears with darker edges Variety of colours Abundant hair on tail Dense, fawn coat with some sabling Broad chest Long-haired White feet and legs

CURSINU THIS LOYAL AND INTELLIGENT DOG IS ENERGETIC OUTDOORS BUT CALM IN THE HOUSE

Height range Dogs of this type have existed on the island of Corsica for over a High-set, 46–58cm (18–23in) semi-erect hundred years, although the Cursinu has only been recognized in France ears Weight range since 2003. Energetic, fast-moving, and versatile, it is used for both Not known hunting and herding and although it can adapt to home life, it is Life span Over 10 years probably at its best as a working dog. Origin France Long tail, carried in curl when active Short, muscular neck Flat, wide head Short to medium-length, fawn-brindle coat White chest markings White markings on feet Long, hare-like feet

ROMANIAN SHEPHERD DOGS

THESE WATCHFUL AND COURAGEOUS DOGS NEED SPACE AND FREEDOM TO RUN FCI Height range In the mountainous Carpathian region of Romania, 59–78cm (23–31in) Coat longer than shepherds rely on large, robust dogs to guard other Romanian Weight range Shepherd Dogs their flocks in all weathers. Regional breeding 35–70kg (77–154lb) has resulted in several distinct types: the Life span 12–14 years Carpatin, the Bucovina, and the Mioritic. Origin Romania All are better suited to outdoor rather than indoor life, and none is widely known as a companion dog. With strong watchdog instincts, Romanian Shepherd Dogs are Other colours highly territorial and suspicious of White coat with strangers. They need plenty light fawn and grey markings of physical and mental White-beige Black activity, as well as Mioritic early socialization Bucovina only may appear as Blaze extends white, white-beige, black, or and firm training. to muzzle ashen-grey and may have Carpatin patches of colour. Rough, slightly wavy hair Black nose Wolf-grey coat Profuse hair on tail Slightly longer hair on neck forms ruff Feathering on back of front legs Carpatin White markings on feet

APPENZELL CATTLE DOG

THIS VERSATILE DOG IS WILLING TO WORK BUT ALSO ENJOYS FAMILY LIFE FCI Height range Bred for herding and guarding on Alpine farms, the Appenzell Cattle White blaze 50–56cm (20–22in) extends to sides Dog has also taken well to urban life. The breed has a firm following in of muzzle Weight range Switzerland but is not yet widely known elsewhere. Keen, alert, and 22–32kg (49–71lb) full of energy, Appenzells are at their best when kept occupied Life span 12–13 years and interested. Drop ears, raised Origin Switzerland forward when alert Tail carried Reddish brown in tight curl markings Other colours on face Small, almond- White chest shaped eyes Havana brown Dense, flat, shiny, tricolour coat White feet

ENTLEBUCHER MOUNTAIN DOG SMART IN APPEARANCE.

THIS FAMILY DOG IS FULL OF HIGH SPIRITS KC Height range The smallest of several long-established Swiss mountain dogs, High-set, 42–50cm (17–20in) drop ears this cattle-droving breed from the Entlebuch Valley is gaining Weight range popularity as a house dog. Bouncing with high spirits, the 21–28kg (46–62lb) Entlebucher Mountain Dog is confident and well-behaved Life span 11–15 years within the family, but has strong protective instincts and Origin Switzerland is inclined to be wary around strangers. Back length longer than leg length Reddish brown markings above eyes White chest Slightly curved, Short, harsh, glossy, long tail tricolour coat Reddish brown markings on legs

BERNESE MOUNTAIN DOG

A BEAUTIFULLY MARKED BREED WITH AN ATTRACTIVE PERSONALITY AND KIND NATURE KC

Height range This lovely dog takes its name from the Swiss canton of Berne, where 58–70cm (23–28in) it traditionally worked as a haulage dog for basket-weavers. It is attractive Weight range not just in looks but also in temperament, and has become deservedly popular 32–54kg (71–120lb) as a family dog. Although large and strong, the Bernese Mountain Dog is highly Life span Under 10 years trainable and has gentle ways that are easy to live with. Generally, the breed is Origin Switzerland affectionate and reliable with children. The eye-catching tricolour coat needs plenty of grooming to maintain its silky texture and characteristic soft sheen. White blaze Triangular, on head drop ears Broad head with well-defined stop Long, bushy jet-black tail Broad, deep chest with white markings Long, silky, slightly wavy, tricolour coat Reddish brown markings extend down to feet

GREAT SWISS MOUNTAIN DOG

THIS LARGE, POWERFUL, AND KIND DOG IS GOOD WITH CHILDREN AND OTHER PETS KC Height range Bred in the Swiss Alps, this huge, strong, striking dog was Tan spots over eyes 60–72cm (24–28in) once used to haul wagons loaded with milk, cheese, and other Weight range produce. It was also used for cattle-herding and guard duties. Triangular 36–59kg (79–130lb) ears hang A true working dog, the Great Swiss Mountain Dog has an close to head Life span 8–11 years agreeable temperament that makes it a sociable Origin Switzerland family companion for those with room to spare. Broad, flattened skull White chest Tricolour coat has Strong, symmetrical pattern muscular body

WHITE SWISS SHEPHERD DOG THIS FAMILY-FRIENDLY DOG LIKES CHILDREN BUT CAN BE WARY OF STRANGERS KC

Height range Pure white shepherd dogs were first brought into Switzerland High-set, 53–66cm (21–26in) erect ears from North America in the 1970s. Developed over the next Weight range two decades, it was recognized in Switzerland as a breed 25–40kg (55–88lb) in 1991. Good-tempered and intelligent, it is suitable for Arched neck Life span Over 10 years both work and companionship. There are two coat with longer hair Origin Switzerland types: medium-haired and long-haired. Dark eyes White coat Bushy tail Long-haired

TURKISH KANGAL DOG

A LOYAL AND INTELLIGENT DOG THAT CAN ADAPT WELL TO FAMILY LIFE KC

Height range Considered a separate breed Tail carried over 71–81cm (28–32in) back when alert by some breed organizations, Weight range the Turkish Kangal is 41–64kg (90–141lb) Black mask combined with the and ears Life span 12–15 years Anatolian Shepherd Origin Turkey Dog by others. It is Fawn coat a large and gentle dog that was originally bred as a Other colours flock guardian. If kept as a pet, care must be taken to prevent it from Cream Steel Grey becoming too territorial. Slight dewlap on neck All shades Deep chest of fawn

ANATOLIAN SHEPHERD DOG

THIS PROTECTIVE AND LOYAL DOG NEEDS SUPERVISION WITH CHILDREN AND STRANGERS KC Height range After a long history as a livestock-guardian, this hardy Slight furrow 71–81cm (28–32in) down head and powerful breed is still used in Turkey as a working dog. Weight range Bred for its courage and independence of spirit, the Anatolian 41–64kg (90–141lb) Mane of thicker Shepherd Dog respects the authority of a firm and loving hair around shoulders Life span 12–15 years owner. If kept as a companion dog, training and Origin Turkey socializing should begin early. Other colours Dark face mask Long tail curls up at tip Any colour Fawn coat of various shades Throat has dewlap

AKBASH

THIS HIGHLY PROTECTIVE DOG NEEDS AN EXPERIENCED OWNER

CENTRAL ASIAN SHEPHERD DOG NOT AN IDEAL FAMILY DOG, THIS BREED NEEDS A PATIENT AND STRONG-WILLED OWNER FCI

Height range The nomadic herdsmen of Central Asia – the regions now Moderate stop 65–78cm (26–31in) Drop ears known as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Weight range and Kyrgyzstan – have used dogs of this type to protect their 40–79kg (88–174lb) flocks for hundreds of years. Once bred selectively in the former Life span 12–14 years USSR, this rare breed needs early Origin Central Asian Republics/ socialization. There are two Russia coat types: short-haired and long-haired. Other colours Powerful Typical mastiff- Variety of type body shoulders colours Dense, white coat with lemon markings Short-haired Large, rounded feet

AKBASH THIS HIGHLY PROTECTIVE DOG NEEDS AN EXPERIENCED OWNER

Height range A powerful Turkish breed developed for guarding flocks, Akbash-type Triangular, 69–79cm (27–31in) drop ears dogs have probably been around for several thousands of years. Used on Weight range ranches in North America as a livestock and property guard, the Akbash 34–59kg (75–130lb) is best suited to a working life and needs skilled handling to avoid Life span 10–11 years behaviour problems. There are two coat types: long-haired Origin Turkey and medium-haired. Shorter Heavily hair on face feathered tail Weatherproof, coarse, white coat Feathering on Biscuit- back of legs coloured shading Long-haired CENTRAL ASIAN SHEPHERD DOG NOT AN IDEAL FAMILY DOG, THIS BREED NEEDS A PATIENT AND STRONG-WILLED OWNER FCI Height range The nomadic herdsmen of Central Asia – the regions now Moderate stop 65–78cm (26–31in) Drop ears known as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Weight range and Kyrgyzstan – have used dogs of this type to protect their 40–79kg (88–174lb) flocks for hundreds of years. Once bred selectively in the former Life span 12–14 years USSR, this rare breed needs early Origin Central Asian Republics/ socialization. There are two Russia coat types: short-haired and long-haired. Other colours Powerful Typical mastiff- Variety of type body shoulders colours Dense, white coat with lemon markings Short-haired Large, rounded feet

CAUCASIAN SHEPHERD DOG

THIS FIERCELY PROTECTIVE DOG DOES NOT MAKE AN IDEAL PET FCI Massive head Height range Developed from various large dogs, this shepherd dog was 67–75cm (26–30in) Triangular, once used to guard flocks in the Caucasian regions. In the drop ears with Weight range 1920s, selective breeding of this dog began in the former rounded tips 45–70kg (99–154lb) USSR and continued later in Germany. An excellent Life span 10–11 years watchdog, it needs careful handling if Origin Russia it is to be a good companion. Heavily feathered tail Other colours Deep chest Variety of colours Dense, coarse, Darker muzzle sable coat stands away Puppy from body Feet thickly insulated with white hair

LEONBERGER THIS EXCELLENT FAMILY DOG IS GOOD-TEMPERED, CALM, AND FRIENDLY KC

Height range Named after the Bavarian town of Leonberg, the Leonberger was 72–80cm (28–31in) developed in the mid-19th century as a result of cross-breeding Weight range between the St. Bernard (see p.72) and the Newfoundland 45–77kg (99–170lb) (see p.74). After the two World Wars, Leonbergers Feathered, high-set ears Life span Over 10 years had almost disappeared but the breed has recovered Origin Germany well and gained wide popularity for its splendid looks and friendly nature. Black tips to some hair Other colours Mane on neck and Sandy Red Black mask chest May have white markings. Slightly tucked- Thick, fairly long, up belly lion-gold coat Broad chest Feathered tail, Feathered forelegs lighter on underside 72 GUIDE TO BREEDS ST. BERNARD ALMOST UNRIVALLED FOR SIZE, THIS KINDLY GIANT HAS A DELIGHTFUL TEMPERAMENT KC Height range Originally crossbred from mastiff-type dogs by the monks of St. Bernard’s Massive head 70–75cm (28–30in) with wide skull Hospice in the Swiss Alps, this breed’s sometimes exaggerated reputation Weight range as a mountain rescue dog extends worldwide. Affectionate and 59–81kg (130–180lb) utterly trustworthy, the St. Bernard has many virtues. Life span 8–10 years It is calm-natured, taking life at a moderate pace. Origin Switzerland The St. Bernard is comparatively rare as a house dog due to its colossal size, and the amount of space needed to accommodate its sheer bulk can hardly be over-estimated; food bills Other colours are another major consideration. There are two coat types: smooth and rough. Slightly Brindle pendulous flews Typical black shading White markings on face Characteristic white markings on legs White collar Broad, straight back White patch Flat, deep cheeks Long, thick neck with pronounced dewlap Bushy, Smooth, white tail orange and white coat Smooth-haired

TATRA SHEPHERD DOG ALTHOUGH CALM WITH THE FAMILY,

THIS DOG DOES NOT TAKE KINDLY TO STRANGERS FCI Height range Still used for protecting and herding flocks in the high Tatra 60–70cm (24–28in) mountains of Poland, this huge and handsome dog takes its duties Weight range just as seriously when guarding home and household. Usually 36–59kg (79–130lb) gentle and well-mannered with those it knows, the Tatra Shepherd Life span 10–12 years Dog is a force to be reckoned with if it perceives a threat. Firm Origin Poland and fair handling by an experienced owner, and a watchful eye for potential aggression, are essential if this breed is to be kept as a companion. The dog’s extremely thick coat sheds heavily and requires frequent grooming. Massively built body Black nose Triangular drop ears with wide with rounded tips nostrils Long tail Dense, slightly reaches hocks wavy, white coat Lips and eyes have dark edges Deep mane around neck Hair shorter on lower legs and paws

NEWFOUNDLAND A COLOSSAL BUT GENTLE AND FRIENDLY DOG WITH A LOVE OF SWIMMING KC

Height range Although the Newfoundland is associated with the Canadian Massive head 66–71cm (26–28in) province of the same name, the dog’s true origins are uncertain. Weight range Historically used by fishermen to retrieve nets, today it is 50–69kg (110–152lb) sometimes used for sea rescues. The breed has a protective Life span 9–11 years nature and is renowned for being gentle with children. Origin Canada Its large size rules this dog out as a pet for a small home. Other colours Bushy tail Dense, coarse, Dark brown slightly oily, black coat Small, white markings on chest Feathered forelegs Large feet

LANDSEER A BLACK AND WHITE NEWFOUNDLAND MADE FAMOUS BY AN ARTIST FCI Height range This colour variant of the Newfoundland (above) Black head with 66–71cm (26–28in) well-developed stop is regarded as a distinct breed in some countries. The Weight range Landseer is named after the mid-Victorian British 50–69kg (110–152lb) Strong neck painter Sir Edwin Landseer, who often painted these Life span 9–11 years dogs. Apart from its bicoloured coat, this dog shares Origin Canada all the attributes of solid-coloured Newfoundlands, being placid, friendly, and dependable. Distinctive, black saddle Black and white coat Short hair in front of legs, feathered behind

PYRENEAN MOUNTAIN DOG

THIS GIANT-SIZED DOG IS SATISFIED WITH MODERATE EXERCISE AND LOVES FAMILY LIFE KC Height range One of the most imposing of all dogs, this breed comes from Tan patches 65–70cm (26–28in) on head the French Pyrenees, where its traditional role was as a guarder Weight range of flocks. Thoroughly assimilated into modern family life, the 40–50kg (88–110lb) Pyrenean Mountain Dog is calm-natured and unaggressive, Life span 9–11 years reliable in the home, and good with children. Origin France Despite the dog’s huge size and strength, it does not need an excessive amount of exercise and can be quite content with a gentle Other colours stroll. However, owners should be prepared Smallish, triangular ears to put their energies into grooming to keep the dog’s thick coat looking its best. Pure white Heavy mane around neck and shoulders Dark amber-coloured eyes with black rims Dense, wavy, white coat Plumed tail Tan patch on rump Double dewclaws on hind legs, hidden by hair

PYRENEAN MASTIFF A GENERALLY GOOD-NATURED DOG WITH A NOBLE ATTITUDE, BUT SUSPICIOUS OF STRANGERS KC

Height range A native of Spain, the Pyrenean Mastiff was originally Dense, bristly 72–81cm (28–32in) textured, kept for guarding mountain flocks. Large and courageous white coat Weight range enough to take on a bear or a wolf, this breed is now often 54–70kg (120–154lb) used as a house guard. Intelligent and calm, with the right Life span 10 years training it can also be a Origin Spain good companion dog. Small, Long, almond-shaped eyes plumed tail Well-defined face mask Irregular patch same colour as face mask Double dewlap TIBETAN KYI APSO A RARE MOUNTAIN DOG, POSSESSIVE OF HOME AND FAMILY Height range Only a handful of Kyi Apsos have appeared outside Tibet and the Low-set, 56–71cm (22–28in) pendant ears breed is elusive, even in its own country. Traditionally, this dog is a Weight range guard of flocks and homes. The Tibetan Kyi Apso has a characteristic 31–38kg (68–84lb) springy gait, and is agile Life span 7–10 years and capable of rapid Tail carried high in a curl Origin Tibet bursts of speed. Other colours Bearded face Neck broad relative Any colour to body Strong hind quarters Dense, wiry, black coat WORKING DOGS .

TIBETAN MASTIFF ONE OF THE SMALLER MASTIFFS

THIS DOG MAY TAKE TIME TO TRAIN AND SOCIALIZE KC Height range With a history of guarding livestock in the Himalayas, the Tibetan Mastiff has 61–66cm (24–26in) strong protective instincts. In its native country, it should be approached with Weight range caution, but in the West, selective breeding has greatly reduced its aggressive 36–100kg (80–220lb) traits. It is now an acceptable Life span Over 10 years house dog and a good Short-haired, Origin Tibet companion – although drop ears not overtly affectionate – but requires patience to train. Other colours Bushy tail carried curled Slate-grey Gold over back Black and slate-grey dogs may Coat forms have tan markings. mane around neck and shoulders Dense, straight, Tan markings black coat above eyes Feathering between toes

TORNJAK FRIENDLY AND OBEDIENT, BUT NEEDS TO BE WELL SOCIALIZED AS A PUPPY FCI

Height range Also known as the Bosnian and Herzegovinian-Croatian Dark, 58–72cm (23–28in) almond- Shepherd Dog, the Tornjak has only recently been seen outside shaped Weight range its native countries. Shepherd dogs like these have defended eyes 35–45kg (77–99lb) White coat flocks from predators in the Dinarides for centuries, but with black selective breeding did not start until patches Life span 10–12 years Origin Bosnia and Herzegovina/ 1978. A large, powerful dog, the Croatia Tornjak is intelligent and easy to train, but needs an experienced dog owner and Other colours plenty of space to exercise. Usually bi-coloured with Tail well covered white dominating. with long hair Strong lower

SLOVAKIAN CHUVACH

THIS TOUGH AND FEARLESS DOG MAKES AN EXCELLENT HOUSE DOG GIVEN THE RIGHT TRAINING FCI Height range Originally a shepherd’s guard dog from the Slovakian Alps, the Short hair 59–70cm (23–28in) on face Slovakian Chuvach has been developed successfully into a good Weight range house dog. This large, powerful breed retains the exceptional 31–44kg (68–97lb) alertness and watchfulness that made it a superb defender of Life span 11–13 years farms and livestock. Tactful training Origin Slovakia is needed to achieve the best results with this breed. Profusely feathered, low-set tail Broad forehead with shallow furrow High-set, drop ears Slightly wavy, white coat

HUNGARIAN KUVASZ CAN BE AFFECTIONATE, BUT

THIS DOG MAY TURN AGGRESSIVE WHEN DEFENDING KC Height range Probably the oldest and best known of Hungary’s breeds, the Hungarian 66–75cm (26–30in) Kuvasz was once used as a shepherd’s guard dog. The breed’s naturally Broad head with Weight range minimal stop protective instincts may lead to aggressiveness, and this dog has the 32–52kg (71–115lb) potential to become a liability in inexperienced hands. It takes firm Life span 10–12 years training to make the Hungarian Origin Hungary Kuvasz an acceptable house dog. Coarse, wavy, white coat Triangular, Muscular drop ears with neck rounded tips Long, extremely muscular thighs

HOVAWART

THIS VERY HARDY, FAITHFUL COMPANION MAY TRY TO DOMINATE OTHER DOGS KC Height range Little known as a companion dog but growing in popularity, 58–70cm (23–28in) the Hovawart has a very long history – its forerunners are Weight range thought to have been used as farm dogs in the 13th 28–45kg (62–99lb) century. The modern breed was developed in Germany Life span 10–14 years in the first half of the 20th century. The Hovawart is Origin Germany very hardy, ready to go outdoors whatever the weather, and is a friendly and faithful house dog within a family. Although it has a strong-willed personality, the Hovawart Black and gold coat is not difficult to train but may need careful handling in the presence of other dogs. Triangular, drop ears Medium-length, Skull and muzzle blonde coat equal in length Bushy tail, may show a few white hairs Dense, black coat Feathering on forelegs may be very long Oval feet with arched toes

BEAUCERON

THIS ACTIVE DOG LOVES WORK BUT NEEDS CAREFUL SOCIALIZATION KC Height range A herding and guard dog from the flatlands of the Beauce region in Central 63–70cm (25–28in) France, the Beauceron is an excellent worker and, in the right situation, a Weight range gentle family companion. This big, strong dog can be intolerant of other dogs; 29–39kg (65–85lb) early training is needed to minimize potential problems. Broad head Life span 10–15 years Origin France Coarse-textured, Drop ears Slightly short, black and sloping croup tan coat Other colours Grey, black, Tan markings and tan on muzzle May have a few white chest hairs. Double dewclaws on hind feet Lower legs tan in colour

MAJORCA SHEPHERD DOG MUCH VALUED IN ITS NATIVE COUNTRY,

THIS BREED IS LITTLE KNOWN ELSEWHERE FCI Height range Comparatively rare worldwide, the Majorca Shepherd Dog is regarded with 62–73cm (24–29in) pride in Majorca, where it was once widely used as a shepherd dog, and is Weight range now popular as a show dog. Although usually willing to obey, this breed 35–40kg (77–88lb) has strong herding instincts and can be defensive with Life span 11–13 years strangers and other dogs. Origin Spain Small, wide-set eyes Tapering Short, tail black coat Small feet, with arched toes

ROTTWEILER A BIG AND BURLY DOG SUITED TO FIRM AND RESPONSIBLE OWNERS KC

Height range Once used in southern Germany as a cattle dog, the 58–69cm (23–27in) Rottweiler has acquired an unfortunate image as a vicious Weight range guard dog and an intimidating status symbol. However, 38–59kg (84–130lb) despite the breed’s great strength, impressive swagger, Tan markings clearly defined Life span 10–11 years and easily aroused protective responses, the Rottweiler on head Origin Germany is not naturally ill-tempered. With thoughtful training from a firm and experienced owner, who is alert to potential triggers of aggression, this dog makes a calm and obedient companion. Rottweilers are more agile than their size and sturdy build might suggest, Small, and appreciate plenty of drop ears vigorous exercise. Broad head with well-defined stop Broad, deep chest Deep muzzle with firm flews Short, smooth, shiny, black and tan coat Tan chest markings Tan markings on legs

SHAR PEI A GENERALLY FRIENDLY TEMPERAMENT IS HIDDEN BEHIND

THIS DOG’S SCOWLING FACE KC Height range The early uses of this native Chinese breed included herding and guarding 46–51cm (18–20in) livestock, hunting, and fighting. However, the Shar Pei’s amiable nature and Weight range relatively compact size make it suitable as a pet for a town or country 18–25kg (40–55lb) home. The dog’s distinctive appearance has huge popular appeal and, Life span Over 10 years at least for a while, owning a Shar Pei was a fashion statement. Origin China Some breeders sought to increase the Shar Pei’s wrinkly looks by producing dogs with excessively loose and folded facial skin. However, this resulted in eye problems, and the practice is now largely discredited. Other colours Square, sturdily Broad built body muzzle with Variety of thick flews Small, high-set, button ears colours Wrinkles on forehead give frowning expression Puppy Loose skin on back and legs wrinkles Tail carried high, when dog is seated and curved over Back dips slightly behind withers Wrinkled skin over shoulders and neck Short, velvety, fawn coat WORKING DOGS

TAIWAN DOG

THIS BREED NEEDS WIDE OPEN SPACES AND IS INCLINED TO CHASE SMALL ANIMALS FCI Height range The Taiwan Dog, formerly Sickle-shaped, high-set tail, Erect ears 43–53cm (17–21in) profusely covered in hair known as the Formosan Weight range Mountain Dog, is something 12–18kg (26–40lb) Short, hard, of a rarity, even in its native brindle coat Life span Over 10 years country. It is believed to Origin Taiwan have descended from the semi-wild dogs once used for hunting in the interior of Taiwan. The breed Other colours makes an intelligent family dog, but its Black nose hunting instincts need Tucked-up Variety of to be kept in check. belly colours Strong, slender legs

MALLORCA MASTIFF

THIS SUPERB WATCHDOG COMBINES COURAGE WITH A CALM TEMPERAMENT FCI Height range The Mallorca Mastiff, also known as the Ca de Bou, has a background 52–58cm (20–23in) that includes fighting and bull-baiting. A powerful breed, it has the Black Weight range mask typical mastiff-type build and watchful nature. When 30–38kg (66–84lb) handled firmly but quietly, this dog High-set, rose ears Life span 10–12 years socializes well, but it is probably Body length exceeds better suited to life as leg length Origin Spain a guard dog rather than as a family pet. Large, Thick, Other colours tapering square head tail Black Strong neck with slight dewlap Brindle Short, fawn coat coat Lower jaw slightly longer than upper White markings (undershot) on feet BREEDS

PRESA CANARIO LARGE, POWERFUL, AND VERY STRONG-WILLED,

THIS DOG IS NOT FOR NOVICE OWNERS FCI Square head with Height range Bred in the Canary Islands in the early 19th century powerful jaw 56–66cm (22–26in) as a fighting dog, the Presa Canario is believed to include Weight range the Mastiff (see p.93) in its ancestry. Difficult to train and Drop ears 40–65kg (88–143lb) socialize, a Presa Canario is manageable Short, fawn coat Life span 9–11 years if the owner understands Origin Spain and controls the dog’s dominant nature. Early socialization is essential. Darker Other colours muzzle Tail extends Pronounced to hock dewlap Brindle May have white markings. Muscular body Large, round, cat-like feet

DOGO ARGENTINO BRED FOR HUNTING,

THIS IS A GOOD-NATURED DOG IF SOCIALIZED WELL FCI Characteristic, slightly Height range Originating in the 1920s in Cordoba, Argentina, the Dogo concave muzzle 60–68cm (24–27in) Argentino was the creation of a local doctor who wanted a Weight range dog for hunting large game. Breeding from old fighting dogs 36–45kg (79–99lb) such as mastiffs and the Bulldog (see p.94) produced Life span 10–12 years this new dog. The Dogo Argentino has a kind Body length Origin Argentina temperament but can be overprotective. exceeds leg length Long, thick tail Short, Strong neck with white coat skin folds at throat Powerful Broad, hind quarters deep chest Round feet WORKING DOGS

FILA BRASILEIRO

THIS COURAGEOUS AND SELF-CONFIDENT DOG CAN BE WARY OF STRANGERS FCI Well-developed Height range Bred to guard large estates and livestock, the eyebrows 60–75cm (24–30in) Fila Brasileiro does not fear intruders of any kind. Weight range Huge but beautifully proportioned, this dog exudes Large, Over 40kg (Over 88lb) drop ears confidence and determination. Although the Fila Life span 9–11 years Brasileiro is kind and quiet within a family, Origin Brazil the average owner may find the breed’s hunting and protective instincts difficult to manage. Other colours Massive, Broad chest broad head with white Short, smooth, markings brindle coat Any solid colour Forelegs more heavily boned than hind legs Loose, thick skin forms White markings dewlaps on throat on feet

URUGUAYAN CIMARRON

THIS INTELLIGENT AND AGILE DOG NEEDS EARLY SOCIALIZING BUT MAKES A GOOD GUARD DOG FCI Height range The ancestors of this breed were brought into Uruguay by Triangular 55–61cm (22–24in) ears with Spanish and Portuguese colonists and crossed with local rounded tips Weight range dogs. Bred by farmers in the remote area of Cerro Largo, 33–45kg (73–99lb) the Uruguayan Cimarron was used for guarding and Life span 10–13 years herding. Like many working breeds, it needs an Origin Uruguay experienced owner if kept as a companion. Dark muzzle Muscular, well-defined hind quarters Other colours Strong, powerful jaws Fawn Fawn coats may have black shading. Deep, Close-fitting, broad chest White chest short-haired, markings brindle coat Thick tail Oval feet reaches hocks Rounded, cat-like feet

ALAPAHA BLUE BLOOD BULLDOG

IF GIVEN REGULAR EXERCISE, THIS IS A GOOD DOG IN THE HOME BUT NEEDS CAREFUL TRAINING Height range Bulldog-type dogs were once commonly used as guards 46–61cm (18–24in) in the plantations of South Georgia. By the early 19th Weight range century such dogs were almost extinct, but dedicated 25–41kg (55–90lb) breeding over the next 200 years regenerated the type Life span 12–15 years and produced the Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog. This dog Origin USA is still rare and not widely known outside the United States. Muscular and intrepid, an Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog has strong protective instincts, but it is easy to train to be a well-behaved and affectionate companion. Energetic Short muzzle Other colours outdoors, this dog is happiest when given plenty of exercise. with well- defined stop Wide-set, triangular, Broad, drop ears White flat head Blue eyes Dogs may have patches of any colour. Black patch Loose flews Broad chest Predominantly white coat Strong, muscular body Cat-like feet WORKING DOGS

BOERBOEL

THIS DOG LOVES FAMILY BUT NOT STRANGERS AND REQUIRES RESPONSIBLE OWNERSHIP AKC Height range The Boerboel was developed from the large, Characteristic massive, Brow slightly 55–69cm (22–27in) square head wrinkled mastiff-type dogs brought by settlers to the Weight range Cape area of South Africa from the 17th 68–91kg (150–200lb) century onwards. Affectionate with family Drop ears hang close to head Life span 12–15 years and friends, the Boerboel is a formidable Origin South Africa guard dog of huge size and Darker tip strength. An experienced to muzzle owner and early Strong, socialization are muscular very important. neck Other colours Thick tail tapers slightly to tip Variety of colours Powerful Short, sleek, May have darker face mask. hind legs fawn coat

SPANISH MASTIFF A HEAVYWEIGHT DEFENDER OF HOME AND FAMILY, THIS TERRITORIAL MASTIFF NEEDS EXPERT HANDLING FCI

Height range Once used for guarding livestock and homes in Spain, Almond-shaped 72–80cm (28–31in) eyes, small in the Spanish Mastiff still carries out its traditional proportion to head Weight range duties. The breed is also popular in its native 52–100kg (115–221lb) country as a companion dog. Kind and Loose-fitting skin Life span 10–11 years loyal within the family, this Origin Spain breed can be aggressive with strangers and other dogs.

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